ANIMAL NUTRITION.
1. State the meaninng of Animal feeds.
2. Classify animal feeds
3. State the composition, sources and functions of animal feeds.
Animal nutrition simply means the process of feeding livestock. it involves nourishing the body of animals by providing feeds necessary for their growth and repair of worn-out tissues essential for the general wellbeing of farm animals.
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVESTOCK FEEDS
Animal feeds can be grouped or classified into four classes these are
1. Basal or energy feeds
2. protein concentrate
3. Mineral / vitamin supplement
4. Roughages
1. BASAL/ENERGY FEEDS: energy feeds has crude fibre content
less than 18% percent. it has high level of carbohydrate . it is
low in protein and fibre. they are also highly digestible.
2. Protein concentrate: this is a feed high in protein and has low
carbohydrate and fat content.
3. MINERALS /VITAMIN CONCENTRATE: they are required in small
quantities in animal feeds . they are low in energy and protein
concentrates., they also aid in food digestion and are also
necessary for growth and development.
4. ROUGHAGES: they have crude fibre content of more than 18%.
they are low in protein and have poor digestibility. grasses and
legumes forms the roughages. they exist in different forms
such as hay, straws, silage and soilage.
EFFECTS OF FOOD SHORTAGE IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION
1. It leads to poor reproduction or delayed maturity.
2. it makes animals susceptible to diseases.
3. it leads to poor yield of milk, meat and egg production.
4 .it can lead to high death rate of farm animals.
5. There is slow growth rate of farm animals.
6 .it increases the death rate of farm animals.
FOOD NUTRIENTS OF LIVESTOCK
The six(6) classes of food includes carbohydrates, proteins, mineral salt , fats, vitamins and water.
CARBOHYDRATES: carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
it is usually sourced from cassava, grasses, wheat, millet, yam e.t.c. They also provide farm animals with energy for growth, reproduction, milk and meat production.
PROTEINS:It is composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and sometimes sulphur and nitrogen, animal sources of protein includes blood meal, feather meal, skim milk powder, shrimp head meal.
FATS: fats provides more energy than carbohydrates,they supply essential fatty acids and fat buildup. they provide fat soluble vitamins, they improve the pleasant taste of diet.
MINERALS: minerals can be grouped into two namely, macro elements and micro elements.
Macro elements, these are required by animals in large quantities e.g calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium etc.
Micro or trace elements are required by animals in small quantities. eg iodine, cobalt, copper etc.
VITAMINS: they are organic substances required by animals for proper growth and development of the body. there are two types, these are fat soluble and water soluble vitamins.
WATER: water can be sourced from tap, metabolic water, rainwater, grasses and fresh fodders.
CLASS WORK
1. State three effects of food shortage on agricultural
productivity.
2. Define animal nutrition.
3. State three products in which proteins can be sourced from.
ASSIGNMENT
1. write short essay on (i) Basal and energy feeds (ii)
Roughages (iii) Mineral and vitamin supplements.
2. Differentiate between Macro nutrients and Trace elements.
3. State two importance of (i) carbohydrate (ii) Minerals (iii)
vitamins.
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